Mahagujarat

જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત !

જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત !

જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત,

દીપે અરૂણું પરભાત,

ધ્વજ પ્રકાશશે ઝળળળળ કસુંબી, પ્રેમ શૌર્ય અંકીત;

તું ભણવ ભણવ નિજ સંતતિ સઉને, પ્રેમ ભક્તિની રીત -

ઊંચી તુજ સુંદર જાત,

જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત.

ઉત્તરમાં અંબા માત,

પૂરવમાં કાળી માત,

છે દક્ષિણ દિશમાં કરંત રક્ષા, કુંતેશ્વર મહાદેવ;

ને સોમનાથ ને દ્ધારકેશ એ, પશ્વિમ કેરા દેવ-

છે સહાયમાં સાક્ષાત

જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત.

નદી તાપી નર્મદા જોય,

મહી ને બીજી પણ જોય.

વળી જોય સુભટના જુદ્ધરમણને, રત્નાકર સાગર;

પર્વત પરથી વીર પૂર્વજો, દે આશિષ જયકર-

સંપે સોયે સઉ જાત,

જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત.

તે અણહિલવાડના રંગ,

તે સિદ્ધ્રરાજ જયસિંગ.

તે રંગથકી પણ અધિક સરસ રંગ, થશે સત્વરે માત !

શુભ શકુન દીસે મધ્યાહ્ન શોભશે, વીતી ગઈ છે રાત-

જન ઘૂમે નર્મદા સાથ,

જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત.

(જય જય ગરવી ગુજરાત !-કવિ નર્મદ)

Mahagujarat

The term Mahagujarat includes all Gujarati speaking area including Gujarat (Tal Gujarat), Saurashtra, Kutch.

Kanaiyalal Munshi

Writer-politician Kanaiyalal Munshi coined the word Mahagujarat at the Karachi meet of Gujarati Sahitya Parishad in 1937.

Background:

During British rule in India, sections of the western coast of India were a part of the Bombay Presidency. In 1937, Bombay Presidency was included as a province of British India. After independence of India in 1947, the demand for linguistic states came up. On 17 June 1948, Rajendra Prasad set up the Linguistic Provinces Commission to recommend whether the states should be reorganized or not on linguistic basis. The committee included SK Dar (retired Judge of the Allahabad High Court), JN Lal (lawyer) and Panna Lall (retired Indian Civil Service officer), so it was called Dar commission. In its 10 December 1948 report, the Commission recommended that "the formation of provinces on exclusively or even mainly linguistic considerations is not in the larger interests of the Indian nation".

Mahagujarat conference was held in 1948 to include all Gujarati speaking people under one administration which finally resulted in formation of Gujarat.

According to the autobiography of Indulal Yagnik, Bombay state chief minister BG Kher and the then home minister Morarji Desai visited Dang in May, 1949. BG Kher stated that tribals of Dang spoke Marathi and focus should be on that. Indulal Yagnik and others visited Dang to examine this. Gujarati Sabha also sent a committee for examination and agitate on negligence by government.Committee reported that Dang is more related to Gujarat.

By 1952, the demand for separate Telugu-majority Andhra State had started in Madras State. Potti Sreeramulu, one of the activists demanding Andhra State, died on 16 December 1952 after undertaking a fast-unto-death. Subsequently, Andhra State was formed in 1953. This sparked agitations all over the country demanding linguistic states.

In December 1953, Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru appointed the States Reorganisation Commission (SRC) to prepare report on the creation of linguistic states. The commission was headed by Justice Fazal Ali so it was called Fazal Ali Commission. The commission reported in 1955 to reorganise India's states.

Mahagujarat Agitation :

SRC considered to form states on linguistic basis but recommended that Bombay state should stay as a bilingual state. It was further enlarged by the addition of Saurashtra and Kutch, the Marathi-speaking districts of Nagpur Division of Madhya Pradesh, and the Marathawada region of Hyderabad. The southernmost districts of Bombay state were included in Mysore State. So it had Gujarati-speaking population in north and Marathi-speaking population in southern parts.

Both Gujarati and Marathi people opposed the SRC’s recommendation and strongly demanded separate linguistic states. The situation became complecated because both of them wanted to include Bombay ( Now Mumbai) in their own states due to its economic and cosmopolitan values. Jawaharlal Nehru suggested to form three states: Maharashtra, Gujarat and Centrally governed city-state of Bombay to solve conflict.

Protest broke out in Bombay and other Marathi-speaking districts later known as Samyukta Maharashtra Movement demanding separate Marathi state. Morarji Desai, then Bombay’s Chief Minister was against it.

 

Morarjibhai Desai

 On August 8, 1956 when some college students of Ahmedabad went to local Congress House at Lal Darwaza to demand separate state. Morarji Desai did not listened them and police repression resulted in death of five to eight students.

 It triggered protests all over in Gujarat.

Indulal Yagnik

 Indulal Yagnik came out of retirement and founded Mahagujarat Janata Parishad to guide protests.

 Many protesters including Indulal Yagnik and Dinkar Mehta were arrested and kept at Gaekwad Haveli in Ahmedabad for a few days and later imprisoned in Sabarmati Jail for three and a half months. Protest also spread in other parts of Gujarat that forced Morarji Desai to go on weeklong fast. Just before the declaration of carving three states as Nehru suggested, 180 MPs suggested return to bilingual Bombay state together. There was confusion over Mumbai and Dang solved after discussions. Mumbai goes to Maharashtra and Dang to Gujarat.

President Rajendra Prasad and Vice-President Sarvapalli Radhakrishnan and Jawaharlal Nehru finally agreed upon the formation of two new lingual states after prolonged agitation.

 On May 1, 1960, two new states Gujarat and Maharashtra were created. Mahagujarat Janata Parishad was dissolved on success of movement.The first government was formed under Dr. Jivraj Mehta who become the first Chief Minister of Gujarat.

Monuments

Shahid Smarak at Lal Daravaja Ahmedabad

    Shahid Smarak or Khambhi (Martyr Monument) was erected near Lal Darwaja AMTS Bus Stop, Bhadra, Ahmedabad in memory of college students who went to local Congress House to demand separate state during movement and died in police firing. It has a statue of a young holding torch in hand. So it was called Khambhi Satyagrah (Monument Movement) earlier.

Statue of Indulal Yagnik

    Statue of Indulal Yagnik was erected in a small garden at east end of Nehru Bridge, Ahmedabad and garden was named after him.

Influence

Many leaders of the movement were writers, poets and even film-makers. Maya, a novel by Indulal Yagnik is set during movement. Jayanti Dalal, Yashwant Shukla, Vinodini Neelkanth, Ishwar Petlikar, Ushnash had also used movement as their inspiration for literary works.

Midnight's Children, a classic by Salman Rushdie, which won the Booker Prize has a backdrop of both the Mahagujarat movement as well as Samyukta Maharashtra movement.

Litmus Test:  Bullets can't stop people's voice.

-Diptesh 

Mango Magic

Mango Mastee

Directions

Prep:5min  ›  Cook:8min  ›  Extra time:20min chilling  ›  Ready in:33min 

1. Take a ripened mango of average size, remove the skin and seed of mango and take the pulp of it and make it to a paste. In a pan add half a cup water and make it to boil.
2. When the water boils, add the mango pulp paste and stir it for 2 minutes. Add 100 grams of sugar to the paste and stir it for another 2 minutes.
3. Add 100 to 150 ml boiled milk to the mixture and leave it stirring for 2 to 3 mins. In another tawa add 2 spoons of ghee. In the hot ghee add few cashew nuts and badam nut slices and roast to golden brown. Then add the nuts roast to the mango mixture.
4. Keep this mixture of mango mastee in freezer for 20 to 30 minutes and serve it chill. If you need hot serve it hot. Thus the mango mastee is ready.

Make in advance

Add a scoop of vanilla ice cream while serving, it adds immense taste to the drink....

Mango Cake

Ingredients

Serves: 12 

• 1 1/2 cups flour
• 1 teaspoon baking soda
• 2/3 cup butter
• 1 cup white sugar
• 2 eggs

• 1 cup sour milk or buttermilk
• 1 teaspoon vanilla extract
• 1 cup mango puree
• 1/2 cup chopped walnuts

---

Directions

Prep:10min  ›  Cook:50min  ›  Ready in:1hr 

1. Preheat oven to 190 degrees C. Grease a 9 x 5 inch cake pan.
2. Cream butter or margarine and sugar till light and fluffy. Add eggs and beat well. Mix together flour and baking soda; blend into creamed mixture. Fold in buttermilk, vanilla, mango puree, and chopped nuts. Pour batter into prepared pan.

Bake for 40 to 50 minutes, or until done.


Litmus Test:   "Mango" the king of fruits.



-Diptesh

Air conditioning without using electricity

 Air conditioning without using electricity

Norbert von der Groeben Electrical engineering Professor Shanhui Fan (center) and graduate students Aaswath Raman (left) and Eden Rephaeli (right) have developed a solar cooling device that may be able to supply air conditioning without using electricity to poor and off-the-grid

Homes and buildings chilled without air conditioners. Car interiors that don't heat up in the summer sun. Tapping the frigid expanses of outer space to cool the planet. Science fiction, you say? Well, maybe not any more.

 Such a structure could vastly improve the daylight cooling of buildings, cars and other structures by reflecting sunlight back into the chilly vacuum of space.

"People usually see space as a source of heat from the sun, but away from the sun outer space is really a cold, cold place," explained Shanhui Fan, a professor of electrical engineering and the paper's senior author. "We've developed a new type of structure that reflects the vast majority of sunlight, while at the same time it sends heat into that coldness, which cools manmade structures even in the daytime."

The trick, from an engineering standpoint, is twofold.

•  First, the reflector has to reflect as much of the sunlight as possible. Poor reflectors absorb too much sunlight, heating up in the process and defeating the goal of cooling
• The second challenge is that the structure must efficiently radiate heat (from a building, for example) back into space.

Thus, the structure must emit thermal radiation very efficiently within a specific wavelength range in which the atmosphere is nearly transparent. Outside this range, the thermal radiation interacts with Earth's atmosphere. Most people are familiar with this phenomenon. It's better known as the greenhouse effect – the cause of global climate change.

Two goals in one:

The new structure accomplishes both goals. It is an effective broadband mirror for solar light – it reflects most of the sunlight. It also emits thermal radiation very efficiently within the crucial wavelength range needed to escape Earth's atmosphere.

Radiative cooling at nighttime has been studied extensively as a mitigation strategy for climate change, yet peak demand for cooling occurs in the daytime.

The Stanford team has succeeded where others have come up short by turning to nanostructured photonic materials. These materials can be engineered to enhance or suppress light reflection in certain wavelengths.

"We've taken a very different approach compared to previous efforts in this field," said Aaswath Raman, a doctoral candidate in Fan's lab and a co-first-author of the paper. "We combine the thermal emitter and solar reflector into one device, making it both higher performance and much more robust and practically relevant. In particular, we're very excited because this design makes viable both industrial-scale and off-grid applications."

Using engineered Nano photonic  materials, the team was able to strongly suppress how much heat-inducing sunlight the panel absorbs, while it radiates heat very efficiently in the key frequency range necessary to escape Earth's atmosphere. The material is made of quartz and silicon carbide, both very weak absorbers of sunlight.

Net cooling power:

The new device is capable of achieving a net cooling power in excess of 100 watts per square meter. By comparison, today's standard 10-percent-efficient solar panels generate about the same amount of power.

 That means Fan's radiative cooling panels could theoretically be substituted on rooftops where existing solar panels feed electricity to air conditioning systems needed to cool the building.

To put it a different way, a typical one-story, single-family house with just 10 percent of its roof covered by radiative cooling panels could offset 35 percent its entire air conditioning needs during the hottest hours of the summer.

Radiative cooling has another profound advantage over other cooling equipment, such as air conditioners. It is a passive technology. It requires no energy. It has no moving parts. It is easy to maintain. You put it on the roof or the sides of buildings and it starts working immediately.

A changing vision of cooling:

Beyond the commercial implications, Fan and his collaborators foresee a broad potential social impact. Much of the human population on Earth lives in sun-drenched regions huddled around the equator. Electrical demand to drive air conditioners is skyrocketing in these places, presenting an economic and environmental challenge. These areas tend to be poor and the power necessary to drive cooling usually means fossil-fuel power plants that compound the greenhouse gas problem.

"In addition to these regions, we can foresee applications for radiative cooling in off-the-grid areas of the developing world where air conditioning is not even possible at this time. There are large numbers of people who could benefit from such systems," Fan said.

We measure near-field radiative cooling of a thermally isolated nanostructure up to a few degrees and show that in principle this process can efficiently cool down localized hotspots by tens of degrees at submicrometer gaps. This process of cooling is achieved without any physical contact, in contrast to heat transfer through conduction, thus enabling novel cooling capabilities. We show that the measured trend of radiative cooling agrees well theoretical predictions and is limited mainly by the geometry of the probe used here as well as the minimum separation that could be achieved in our setup. These results also pave the way for realizing other new effects based on resonant heat transfer, like thermal rectification and negative thermal conductance.

Litmus Test: 

This technology  will not only keep our home cool without air conditioner but it will help to cool our earth also by reducing green house effects.

- Diptesh

Reference taken from Standford university news latter